Environmental Sustainability At Three Wine Making...

Introduction This report examines environmental sustainability at three wine making organisations. This is a qualitative research to explore how often the organisations provide concern related with environmental sustainability issues of a wine production. Interviews have used to collect information about environmental issues and activities to deal with the problems in the three companies. The interviews have produced amounts of contextual data that should be analysed to get key information related with the aim of research. NVivo10 is used to analyse the information about what prominent issues of the environment and effort to solve the problems in each organisation. Then, combining any significant issues across three organisations to conclude their focus on dealing with environmental sustainability. Result Environmental issues Analysis result shows that there are approximately eight environmental issues among the three organisations, such as water, climate change, biodiversity, waste, energy, ecosystem benefits, soil health, and erosion. Each organisation has slightly different of main environmental issues. Meanwhile, each organisation has different priority for each issues. Figure 1 displays concerned issue of environment in three wine making organisations. The decision of concerned issue is based on the how many times their mention the issues at the interview. Figure 1 depicts that water is the prominent environmental issue for all three organisations, but wine 1 giveShow MoreRelatedLuxury Brands: What Are They Doing About Social Responsibility?2488 Words   |  10 Pagesbrands have also discovered the value of being socially responsible. 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World War II And Japan - 1492 Words

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I Am a Libero free essay sample

Fifty years ago, my grandfather escaped from North Korea and fled to South Korea with his wife and three young children. About twenty years ago, my dad became a doctor at the hospital where he is now chief of nephrology. Less than ten years ago, my sisters left home to attend two of the most prestigious universities in the world. And my freshman year, I made the varsity volleyball team. Though it was the crowning achievement of my life (and Im serious when I say that), my parents could not care less about my athletic accomplishments. Discovering what I was good at was not as easy for me as it was for my older sisters. Their paths were set early in life. Kathy was going to be a lawyer, and Jean, an engineer. My parents were quick to purchase all the necessary books, software, toys, and enrichment programs to determine their fates. We will write a custom essay sample on I Am a Libero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to my parents, Im supposed to be a doctor, not a volleyball player. On our team, I play the role of libero. I am the quarterback, the general, responsible for the actions of all six players at once. I move and shape our team as the momentum of the game swings, and I am steadfast. I do not waver under the pressure of being down by a point. Or three. Or ten. My sophomore year, when I broke my wrist on a dive to save the set, my parents saw it as an opportunity to move me away from the time I was wasting â€Å"running around on that little court after school for three hours every day.† They quickly signed me up for a biochemistry class at a local school, and prodded me to prepare for my upcoming pre-medical coursework at the top universities. They were going to make sure that I fulfilled their dream of becoming a doctor. However, I am a libero. I am responsible for my own actions, and I do not falter under pressure. Not even with a broken hand. Instead of attending these classes, I traveled with my team and coached them from the sidelines. Even though I was not on the court, I was still the general. I was still responsible for my team, and I had to make sure they did everything to put themselves in a position to be competitive and win. We did not win a state title that year, but I did find out what I was good at: being me. Over the next four years, I expect to dive for even more balls and break even more bones in my journey. Fifty years from now, my grandchildren will be applying to the colleges and universities that best fit their goals and aspirations. Twenty years from now, my sisters will still admire my individuality and  ­perseverance. Ten years from now, I will be in the career that best suits my talents and personality. And next year, my parents will truly understand me and be proud to say their son is walking on the green quads with books in one hand and a volleyball in the other.

The aim of the experiment is to find how much energy is contained in a peanut Essay Example

The aim of the experiment is to find how much energy is contained in a peanut Essay Hypothesis: Peanuts are made up of mainly fat and protein. The human body need both protein and fat for survival.Proteins:Proteins form the main structure of the human body. We therefore need protein for growth and body building, and for repairing worn out or damaged tissues.Some proteins contribute to the structure of the cell, e.g. to the cell membranes, the mitochondria, ribosomes and chromosomes. These proteins are known as structural proteins.Protein contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but it also contains nitrogen and sometimes sulphur too.A protein molecule is composed of lost of building blocks called amino acids and the links between them are called peptide links. About twenty amino acids exist in nature. The particular amino acids present, and the order in which they occur, very from one protein to another. In a complete protein molecule the amino acid chain is coiled, folded and cross-linked in various ways.Proteins can be split into their amino acids by adding water. Th is takes place in two steps: first the protein is broken down into shorter chains called polypeptides. Then the polypeptides are broken down into separate amino acid. If water is removed, the amino acids link together to form polypeptides and eventually protein.Some proteins are tough and fibre-like. They form the main structures of the body: bones, muscle, skin, and so on. Others exist in solution, for example, in the blood and in our cells. These soluble proteins include a very important group of chemicals called enzymes.If a protein is heated much above 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C the molecules shape changes; we say the protein is has been denatured, this can ruin its functions.Proteins are composed of amino acids. The human body can make certain amino acids, so we do not need them in our diet. Others cannot be made so we must get them in our diet. These are called essential amino acids. They are vital for good health and absence of just one can have severe consequences.In addition proteins give us a certain amount of energy, but they are not as important in this respect as fats or carbohydrates.A lack of protein causes a disease, which makes the human body weak and listless. This disease is called, Kwashiorkor.Meat is the best source of protein. However, there are substitutes for the vegetarians i.e. Soya beans which is also very high in protein.The energy value for protein is: 1g of protein contains 39 kJPart of protein molecule showing how it is made up of a chain of amino acids. The different shapes represent different types of amino acids.Fat:The main function of fats is to give us energy so like carbohydrates they are energy foods. In man and other animals fat is stored under the skin: this helps to keep the body warm, as well as serving as an energy store. There are many different kinds of fats. Each contains particular fatty acids. Fat is like a carbohydrate in that it contains carbon, hydrogen relative to oxygen. Some fats are liquids. We call them oils.A fa t molecule consists of two parts. The main part is glycerol. Attached to the glycerol are chains called fatty acids. The fat can be split into its glycerol and fatty acid parts by adding water. And these parts can be linked together by taking water away. Different kinds of fat contain different fatty acids.Now some fatty acids are described as saturated, others as unsaturated. A saturated fatty acid cannot possess any more hydrogen atoms: the molecule is full up, like a saturated sponge full of water. An unsaturated fatty acid, on the other hand, has room for more atoms.The energy value for fat is: 1g of fat contains 17kJA typical fat or oil consists of a molecule of glycerol linked with three molecules of fatty acid:The peanuts are not completely made up of fat and protein other substances such as starch, vitamins and minerals. From this I predict that there will be about 15kJ/g for the amount of energy contained.I predict that that a peanut with more mass should give off more ener gy when the peanut is burned. I predict this because the peanuts with the higher mass have more chemical bonds thus, more energy will be contained within the bonds. The energy will be given off as the peanut is being burned. I predict that mass is directly proportional to energy released.Method:Apparatus: Bunsen burner,Wood Splints,Stand and Clamp,Boiling Tubes,Mounted Needles,Thermometer,Measuring CylinderRandomly picked peanuts,Weighing balance.1. Put 20 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of water into a boiling tube. Fix the tube in a clamp so that it is held at an angle of 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.2. Weigh a peanut very carefully, in grams using the chemical balance and record the result.3. Fix the peanut onto a mounted needle, taking care that no bits drop off.4. Measure the temperature of the water in the boiling tube and note the result.5. Ignite the peanut in a Bunsen flame. Quickly place the burning peanut under the boiling tube. The idea is to use as much heat as possible from the burning nut to heat t he water in the tube.If the nut goes out, relight it quickly and put it back under the tube,When the peanut has completely burnt. Measure the temperature of water in the boiling tube.When the peanut has completely burnt/ measure the temperature of the boiling tube again and note the result.Results:Mass of Peanut (g)Initial Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Final Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Rise in temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Total Energy Released (J)Energy Released Jules per gram (kJ/g)1.2120503031232.580.8919422332563.650.9820422228282.881.1418472921361.87Averages: 45.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 26à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 2835.75J 2.196kJ/gI worked out the total energy released by a certain formula, which is:MASS OF WATER X RISE IN TEMPERATURE X 4.2(In Grams) (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)MASS OF THE PEANUTI worked out the energy released in kJ/G by dividing the energy released by the mass of the peanut from the energy released and I divided the answer again by one thousand to gain my answer.Conclusion:I have come to the conclu sion that the average energy released from the peanut to be 2.196kJ/g, which is no where near to the prediction I gave in the hypothesis. This shows that there were many errors in the experiment.I also found that the mass of the peanut was not much on an issue in the experiment as the minimum mass released the highest amount of energy. Obviously the experiments were unfair and the degree of accuracy was not good.When the peanut was burned heat was released from the peanut. The heat was released because the reaction is exothermic and that the bonds were being broken to give off heat. Chemical energy inside the peanut was being changed into heat energy as the bonds were being heated are broken. When we eat peanuts the same experiment takes place in our bodies and from this experiment I have come to the conclusion that the whole process is not efficient.Graph: The graph shows that there is absolutely no relation between mass and energy released. I predicted in my hypothesis that mass w as directly proportional to energy released. Unfortunately, errors have occurred in the experiment, which should not have happened.Evaluation:The experiments were very important to the investigation as I would be getting my results from them and because they were carried out with the most possible degree of care and accuracy. However, sources of error were inevitable. The following are precautions taken whist doing the experiments to decrease the level on inaccuracy: -The equipment was well washed so that any impurities could be washed off and therefore not contaminate the water and alter the boiling point of the water and change my results. I did not hold the thermometer as I would conduct heat into the thermometer and alter the readings so therefore a rubber bung held it.The following sources of errors, in my opinion, have affected my results, they are: The rounding up of temperatures and measurements.Obviously from my results that there were many errors in the experiment. And th at many improvements should be made to make the experiment more efficient so that we can get better results.A lot of the heat was being lost to the surroundings and thus did not heat up the boiling tube with all the water. One fact is that the person doing the experiment should be very attentive because his hand when holding the mounted needle that he jerks around and more heat can be lost.There should be a covering of some sort over the boiling tube and the mounted needle to prevent any heat loss. Aluminium foil would be ideal as heat is reflected back because of its shiny surface. Also a direct supply of oxygen should be provided so that the flame on the peanut is kept going.The peanut took a while to ignite and when you thought you had it lit it would go straight out again. You would have to relight the peanut several times so it can continue burning.The whole peanut would never completely burn as the flame would go out and it will be hard to ignite the peanut again. This will te ll you that not all the bonds in the peanut were broken and the experiment is not complete as not all the energy is being released.To improve the experiment maybe a I could have used a more precise thermometer to measure the temperature more accurately, instead of rounding off to the nearest temperature. The water should have been measured more accurately maybe by using a graduated pipette.

Free Essays on Similarities Between “The Cask Of Amontillado“ And “A Good Man Is Hard To Find“

Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Both Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are short horror stories, but some may consider them to be dark comedies. Since both of these stories contain some comical scenes and strange characters, they end with some very ironic twists. Irony is not the only similarity between these two stories. Evil is another underlying plot in these two stories. Pride is also another characteristic shared between some of the characters in these stories, which can lead to some very bad things if either too much is there, or if there is not enough. The most ironic thing about these two dark comedies is that the main characters are being led to their deaths throughout the entire stories. â€Å"The vaults are insufferably damp. They are encrusted with nitre.† â€Å"Let us go, nevertheless. The cold is merely nothing. Amontillado!† (P764). Fortunato continues his journey towards death by his own will. Another ironic twist in the story is when Montresor responds to Fortunato saying, â€Å"I will not die of a cough.† Then Montresor responds, â€Å"True- true†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is talk about death, and Fortunato has no idea that he is actually leading himself into his own death. Fortunato’s own name is ironic, because it means fortunate and he is not very fortunate at the end. The characters in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are also leading themselves into their own deaths. Instead of going on vacation to Florida where they believe the Misfit is, they head to Tennessee, where they actually lead themselves into the path of the Misfit. It is also ironic how the grandmother prepares herself for death, but she does not know that she is really going to die. â€Å"Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. I... Free Essays on Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask Of Amontilladoâ€Å" And â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Free Essays on Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask Of Amontilladoâ€Å" And â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Both Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are short horror stories, but some may consider them to be dark comedies. Since both of these stories contain some comical scenes and strange characters, they end with some very ironic twists. Irony is not the only similarity between these two stories. Evil is another underlying plot in these two stories. Pride is also another characteristic shared between some of the characters in these stories, which can lead to some very bad things if either too much is there, or if there is not enough. The most ironic thing about these two dark comedies is that the main characters are being led to their deaths throughout the entire stories. â€Å"The vaults are insufferably damp. They are encrusted with nitre.† â€Å"Let us go, nevertheless. The cold is merely nothing. Amontillado!† (P764). Fortunato continues his journey towards death by his own will. Another ironic twist in the story is when Montresor responds to Fortunato saying, â€Å"I will not die of a cough.† Then Montresor responds, â€Å"True- true†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is talk about death, and Fortunato has no idea that he is actually leading himself into his own death. Fortunato’s own name is ironic, because it means fortunate and he is not very fortunate at the end. The characters in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are also leading themselves into their own deaths. Instead of going on vacation to Florida where they believe the Misfit is, they head to Tennessee, where they actually lead themselves into the path of the Misfit. It is also ironic how the grandmother prepares herself for death, but she does not know that she is really going to die. â€Å"Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. I...

About the Trojan Prince Deiphobus

About the Trojan Prince Deiphobus Deipohbus was a prince of Troy and he became the leader of the Trojan army following the death of his brother Hector. He the son of Priam and Hecuba in ancient Greek mythology. He was the brother of Hector and Paris. Deipohbus is viewed as a Trojan hero, and one of the most important figures from the Trojan War. Along with his brother Paris, he is credited with slewing Achilles. After Paris death, he became  Helens husband and was betrayed by her to  Menelaus. Aeneas talks to him in the  Underworld in Book VI of the Aeneid. According to the  Iliad, during the Trojan War, Deiphobus led a group of soldiers in siege and successfully wounded Meriones, an Achaean hero. Hector’s Death During the Trojan War, as Hector was fleeing from Achilles, Athena took the form of Hector’s brother, Deiphobus, and told him to take a stand and fight against Achilles. Hector thought he was getting genuine advice from his brother and tried to spear Achilles. However, when his spear missed, he realized that he had been tricked, and was then in turn killed by Achilles. It was after Hector’s death that Deiphobus became the leader of the Trojan army. Deiphobus and his brother Paris are credited with eventually killing Achilles, and in turn avenging the death of Hector. As Hector was fleeing Achilles, Athena took the shape of Deiphobus and goaded Hector to make a stand and fight. Hector, thinking it was his brother, listened and threw his spear at Achilles. When the spear missed, Hector turned around to ask his brother for another spear, but Deiphobus had vanished. It was then Hector knew the gods had deceived and forsaken him, and he met his fate at the hand of Achilles. Marriage to Helen of Troy After the death of Paris, Deiphobus became married to Helen of Troy. Some accounts say that the marriage was by force​ and that Helen of Troy never truly loved Deiphobus.  This situation is described by the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Helen chose Menelaus, Agamemnon’s younger brother. During an absence of Menelaus, however, Helen fled to Troy with Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam; when Paris was slain, she married his brother  Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus when Troy was subsequently captured. Menelaus and she then returned to Sparta, where they lived happily until their deaths.† Death Deiphobus was killed during the sack of Troy, by either Odysseus of Menelaus. His body was horribly mutilated. Some separate accounts say that it was actually his former wife, Helen of Troy, who killed Deiphobus.

AIS and the training issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AIS and the training issues - Essay Example Information is provided to the operator in the form of complex iconic plots so the comprehension of display is crucial. He should have sufficient training that supports him in making the interpretation of the various elements.So, the display settings of the ship and its better understanding could play a better role in effective use of AIS (Sands, 2004). The mariner has to go through a lot of data and make interpretations of such data presented to him in the form of a certain display. It is therefore necessary to refine their ability of mariners to scan information sources and extract data. "The marine environment presents a challenge in that data displays are not at all standard in presentation or location. Despite this difficulty, the mariner can, for a given configuration, develop effective techniques to extract needed data" (Bronaugh Jr). Familiarity with source: Mariners should be trained with respect to the data and various elements related to it but most importantly they should have knowledge of the sources of such data. If the mariner could understand the source from where the data stream is generating then he could identify problems and errors earlier. (Spalding et al., 2002) Training related to errors: Training should impart the need for caution and care among the learners.

The meaning of death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The meaning of death - Essay Example The meaning of death This means that man’s search for knowledge about death started long time ago and is still, and will still remain to be a big mystery. Different societies have different myths that try to explain what death is, its origin, life after death among other contentious topics raised relating to it. The lack of answers to these burning questions has led to adoption of religion, an aspect that every single person upholds to. Religion in this case plays a major role in defining death as well as life after death even though different people have different religions. Therefore, despites man’s eager to understand death, it still remain to be a big mystery and it appears as if it is a hard nut that shall never be cracked. All man needs to know and embrace is the bitter fact that death is inevitable and all human beings are subject to it irrespective of the victim’s gender, race, economic status, social classes, age or any other difference that one may ever think of. No one can tell when death will catch up with him or her. It can strike anyone, at any time and at any place. Over a long period of time, man has been searching for the truth about death in desperately way. This can be confirmed from various publications and poetic works such as the popular poems like â€Å"I heard a fly buzz† by Emily Dickinson, â€Å"suicide note† by Janice Mirikitani as well as Mary Oliver poem entitled â€Å"when death comes† just to mention a few.

Young Girls Gone Wild Essay Example for Free

Young Girls Gone Wild Essay A crowd of young girls watched in awe when the lives of people in their town were cut short as they hanged, lifeless and cold their feet dangling just feet above the ground. One young lady was even smirking at the horrid sight as she came to realize her extreme actions had paid off. This young lady was Abigail Williams. Abigail was a 17 year-old girl. Through Abigail Williams a girl in The Crucible, the author, Arthur Miller describes his perception of young females during the time of the Salem Witch Trials making them out to be selfish, attention seeking, and manipulative individuals who are willing to go to great lengths to get what they want. Whether it be dancing around a fire, accusing others of witch craft, or inflicting self-harm, Abigail’s outrageous actions would were a major contribution to the chaos in the town of Salem. There are many different events in the play that show how teenage girls act during the time of the Salem Witch Trials. But all the chaos in the town of Salem seemed to have started with a few young girls. One particular young lady that comes to mind is Abigail Williams. She went against the rules of the town and was caught dancing and singing in the woods, which was thought to be extremely bad during this time. It all began when Abby cried out â€Å"I saw Sara good with the devil! I saw goody Osborn with the devil, I saw Bridget Bishop with the devil!† (Miller 1235). Abby’s claims along with some other odd events sent the town into complete pandemonium. Abby’s questionable actions; dancing, singing, accusing others of witch craft, give the reader room to make assumptions about the characteristics of adolescent girls right from the start of the play. A specific event took place later act in act one. There had always been tension between Abby and Elizabeth. Elizabeth was the wife of John Proctor and had been suspicious of the relationship between Abby and John for some time. After a scandalous conversation took place involving John and Abby, and more and more people started being accused, Elizabeth began to come to conclusions abo ut the real motive behind all the accusations. When speaking with her husband about Abby’s intentions, Elizabeth explains to Mr. Proctor,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"She wants me dead John, and you know it† (Miller 1240). Elizabeth has no doubts in her mind regarding Abigail’s ill intentions. She knows that Abby would be willing to take extreme actions to replace her as Mr. Proctor’s wife. At this point in the play Elizabeth looks to prove to John that the young 17 year-old girl was out to get her. This is just another way Arthur Miller coveys his thoughts about young women during this period of time, it shows Abby as self-centered and crazy. At the end of Act II, Elizabeth’s greatest fear had become true; she had been arrested for witch craft because of a claim made by Abigail Williams. At the beginning of the act Marry Warren has a poppet, which is a term for a handmade doll and hands it over to Abby. For Abby, this was the perfect opportunity to set up Elizabeth due to the fact that Marry Warren lives with the Proctor Family. When Marry isn’t looking Abby sticks a needle in the poppet and leaves it in the Proctor house. Just moments later Hale comes forward with shocking news that â€Å"Abigail were stabbed tonight, a needle was found stuck in her belly† (Miller 1246). Later the needle is found in the Poppet at the Proctor house giving strong evidence to Abby’s claim, that Elizabeth stabbed her. Clearly Abby was plotting the arrest of Goody Proctor and she went as far as stabbing herself to get Elizabeth in trouble. Even an online source can agree that the message Miller is sending about young women is anything but positive, writers of an online article say â€Å"Abigail’s cunning is shown again in Act II when she frames Elizabeth Proctor for witch craft. Later in Act III she even accuses Proctor who she claims to love†(Shmoop). Although Abby is willing to justify stabbing her own self to be with Proctor, she still is quick to accuse him. This makes it clear that nothing was going to stop Abby from getting what she wanted. This quote also makes her sound delusional because she was okay with harming someone that she claimed to love. This is just another strong piece of evidence to prove the Arthur thought of young women as manip ulative. As the play goes on Miller continues to convey his opinions or gender bias through Abby Williams. Different events continued to take place bringing the teenage girls into the spotlight. They seemed to be the center of attention for various reasons, but this did not seem to bother them in the least. Abby bring drama to the town once again as she cries out to the court room, â€Å"I have been near murdered every day because I had done my duty pointing out the devils people-and this is my  reward? To be mistrusted, denied, and questioned like-â€Å" (Miller 1258). Abby is yet again playing the role of the victim. The people in the court start to become more aware of her vindictive behavior. She seems to always worry about herself which again, proves that Miller was trying to convey that young women were self-centered and manipulative. Toward the end of the play Abby began to realize that people were starting to catch onto her devious ways. Miller revealed â€Å"Abigail stole much of her uncle’s money in hopes of escaping with Proctor† (Slader). The online source was describing her selfish ways by Abby taking a huge portion of her Uncles money, who had raised her, her entire life, to save her own self. This is just another quote that justifies Millers point of view of girls during the Salem Witch Trials. They were manipulative, self-centered, and crazy. There is no denying the way Miller felt about young teenage girls in Salem in the late 1600’s. His perspective on adolescent females during this time is clearly displayed through the character Abigail Williams. There are many pieces of strong evidence to support the claim of Millers gender bias and the actions Abigail takes are proof that the girls were manipulative, self-centered, and attention seeking.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline Essays -- Energy Power Global Warming

Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline: Who’s Down With HFC? ABSTRACT: The world’s oil supply is a diminishing nonrenewable resource. Soon, a new fuel for automobiles will be needed. Hydrogen fuel cells may very well become the chief replacement for gasoline in our society. INTRODUCTION: In our busy world today, we often find ourselves surrounded by vehicles. But how often do we ponder about by which means these vehicles are running? Vehicles are fueled by gasoline, a gradually diminishing resource. As a replacement for this fuel, scientists have been experimenting with a new technology called hydrogen fuel cells. Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schà ¶nbein developed the principle behind the fuel cell in 1838. Then in 1932, the first successful fuel cells were engineered by Francis Thomas Bacon of Britain. The main type of hydrogen fuel cell is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane, or Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM). In a PEM, electrons are separated from hydrogen atoms (at the anode), forming positively charged hydrogen atoms, or protons, and single electrons. Then the protons are drawn toward the oxygen atoms (at the cathode) on the other side of the membrane, where the electrons are forced to travel an alternate route to reach the hydrogen and oxygen. By traveling this alternate route, the electrons form a current, ergo energy. Once the protons and electrons meet with the oxygen, the byproducts created are water, heat, and some impurities (depending on the purity of the applied hydrogen). See Diagram 1 below (How PEM Fuel Cells Work). HFC 2 Which fuel supply is more efficient: hydrogen fuel cells or gasoline? To help reach a verdict, we will be comparing their availability, cost and efficiency, and pollution pot... ...en Fuel: a Clean and Secure Energy Future, The White House, Retrieved August 2, 2005, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030206-2.html 2. Fuel Cell, July 31, 2005, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Retrieved August 2, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell 3. How PEM Fuel Cells Work, Retrieved July 21, 2005, from http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_PEM.shtml 4. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Retrieved July 21, 2005, from http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/ 5. Hydrogen Production and Delivery, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Retrieved July 21, 2005, from http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.html 6. Tokyo Gas, Retrieved August 2, 2005, from http://www.tokyogas. co.jp/pefc_e/image_add/wh-46_01.gif

Challange Faced by University Students Essay

Education is the most important aspect of learning for every generation established in every mode. In university there are different field of studies with different years of each program. It is obvious that new students are going to face further challenges in university. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies. This essay will discuss these challenges in condition of financial, social, and academic. To begin with, financial problems are a major challenge for university students includes tuition fee, rent expenses, and text books. Tuition fee is the most common challenge for these students. Though, for some they only take one or two units per semester because of financial problems. The high costs of fee causes many problems for those who are not sponsored. Besides, fee expenses for each semester cost of thousands of dollars. So, tuition fee is a great burden for the unsponsored students. Furthermore, text books are the most essential property students must have in university. First year students also suffered in buying text books regarding to financial problem. Those who are not sponsored are suffered the most on the high cost of these books. Another challenge is that some of them have not enough money in a pocket. But in this case, such challenges can create lot of troubles in their minds throughout their time in the university. Moreover, rent is also a challenge for these students. These students might live in different hostels where some are cheap but isolated from the campus, and some are nearby the campus but expensive. It is better to live nearby the campus for new students to avoid troubles. However, they have problem with monthly rent where it is expensive but must be cleared. Another reason is based on a small amount of their allowance which cannot meet their expenses on rent and others. However, these financial challenges make them concern the most. Another major†¦ [continues].

Life As a Fashion Designer Essay

The career in which I am most interested in the textile industry is that of the fashion designer. A fashion designer is the person who comes up with the ideas and designs today, for the clothes that we, the consumers, will be wearing tomorrow. This alone, the power to inspire the world of fashion , would be enough to make me want to become a designer, but designing clothes is also a way of expressing yourself. Each designer is unique and thus the clothes that each create are just as unique. Although the job of a fashion designer may seem easy, there are many abilities involved in the job. Some of these abilities, which I posses, include a love for fashion, understanding of color and combinations of color, and the ability to convey design ideas through pictures. Along with the possessed above qualities, taking clothing classes in school has made me realize the many ideas that I have for clothing and becoming a fashion designer would allow me to convey these ideas to those around me. Life As A Fashion Designer In essence a fashion designer is a person who develops new styles for clothing or clothing accessories. These new styles can be achieved by creating original designs or by adding personal ideas to old styles to suit popular trends or environmental requirements. â€Å"For The job of a fashion designer involves many different duties. Typically a fashion designer must first develop an idea for a garment and then convey this idea graphically through drawing or computer visuals. Once this is done a pattern must be created and thus the designer must meet with pattern makers. Along with creating the pattern, the designer must choose the fabric type and color for the garment. After these choices have been made, samples of the garment must be created and shown to the management, sales and manufacturing staff. Once prices for the garment are calculated, finishing samples are created and must be approved before they go into production. Finally, once the garments are in production, the designer meets with the production staff to ensure quality control. Along with this immense amount of work, a designer is still expected to stay in tune with current fashion trends not only where they  presently live, but all over the world. It is almost as if learning and putting that information into action never ends for a fashion designer. To become a fashion designer, one must have a lot of creativity, imagination, fearlessness and passion. † I am really passionate with making clothes.† (said by Francesca Marotta in interview) People in the fashion design world must also have a strong sense of the esthetics. This is an eye for color and detail, a sense of balance and proportion, and an appreciation for beauty. Although computers have aided in fashion design, the ability to sketch design images is an important skill that all prospective fashion designers should possess. It is also necessary to keep a good portfolio, a collection of examples of a designer’s best work, so that prospective employers can have a sense of the quality of your work. Fashion design may seem like a career that involves no school training, but this is not true. Along with a portfolio, as mentioned above, designers are usually require to have a 2 or 4-year college degree in design. One example of a designer who attended college is Francesca Marotta, who attended the London College of Fashion. Education in fashion will be important, especially for prospective fashion designers, because statistics are now showing that the employment rate in the design industry is growing faster than the average. People looking for jobs in the fashion design industry should expect to face fierce competition for designing positions. People with little to no education in design, along with those who lack creativity and imagination, will find it extremely hard to start and maintain a career in fashion design. In terms of money the median annual earnings for fashion designers were $48,530 in 2000. The middle 50 percent earned between $34,800 and $73,780. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $24,710, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $103,970. Benefits vary with employers. Designers often negotiate their salaries and benefits individually with employers. Some firms provide vacation and group health insurance plans. Self employed designers must supply themselves with their own insurance, but it also means that their schedule is very flexible and allows them to take time off to  travel for business or pleasure at any time which is convenient to them. Interview Basement Couture by Marian Buckley In a Ladbroke Grove basement studio flat, I sit down with designer Francesca Marotta. This is couture heaven, W11 style. Francesca says she always knew she wanted to be a fashion designer. â€Å"When I was 4 I said to my Mum, ‘I am going to work in fashion’.† By the age of 10 Francesca was whipping out the family Singer to run-up dolls’ clothes. â€Å"I remember when my Mum used to go shopping, I would open up the sewing machine and make clothes for my sister’s dolls, and then when I heard the car come back I would quickly put the sewing machine away again.† After studying at university in Belgium (her family relocated to Belgium, leaving Sicily when she was 5) Francesca moved to London to study for a BTEC National Diploma at The London College of Fashion. She never completed the course. â€Å"They never liked my style,† she explains. â€Å"The London College of Fashion is very good for technique, but at the time they weren’t broadminded, they weren’t like St Martin’s – the crazier you are the more they like you! But there it was very different. It was good, but there were about 20 people who just didn’t fit in.† Despite having a rough time at LCF, Francesca fell in love with London and has made the city her home ever since. â€Å"There is a London style,† she says. â€Å"whenever I go away and I am coming back I can feel the buzz on the plane†¦ there’s a London smell.† Since LCF, Francesca has designed for Souled Out, worked for a retail company, taken a business course and is now looking at expanding her business. In March 2002 she came 2nd at the Neuvieme Concours Jeunes  Creaturs, an award for new design talent in Lille. Her latest collection is in a suitcase. â€Å"I start by finding the fabric first,† she tells me as she unsheathes reams of gorgeous textures – a crystallized piece of mesh that’s she discovered in a fabric shop, it looks like woven gold wire with glittering beads, but feels like a piece of jewelry. Francesca describes how this will form a top with just a fastening at the back. Her inspiration for the collection was, â€Å"What do I want to wear next winter?†. She adds â€Å"It’s very feminine.† Don’t expect any easy, straight to the high street trends going on here. Forget jackets and other cold weather items. Francesca loves ball gowns. For this collection she’s created a bonkers straight-at-the-front-curved-at-the-back skirt with an under wired petticoat, leather tops, feather arms bands. She’s using taffeta, silk, curtain fabrics and has a magpie’s stash of feathers (chicken and turkey bought from a basement sh op just off Oxford Street), chicken wire, camping tent rings, pendant earrings and leather. From this amassed material 8 outfits are to emerge to be shown at The Cobden Club in a few weeks time. â€Å"I am really passionate with making clothes,† she confesses, and you know this woman is telling the truth. Marotta has developed her own unique couture – it could never officially be labeled couture because it doesn’t comply with the rigid rules that govern the practice – but it is her own version. â€Å"I love couture,† she admits. â€Å"If I could, I would make a million pound dress†¦ Most people think of couture as something for mature women. I like edgy couture. It’s not French, it’s more avant garde.† The collection will be handmade and most elements are designed on the fly. She doesn’t work with a toile and although she can sketch, she prefers to dive in and design without one. Her mother is fantastic knitter and she contributes to the collections: â€Å"All the knitting you see in my collections my Mum makes for me. She could have been a designer because she does some really funky pieces.† Her parents are also her main backers, but Francesca is hoping to find some investors, people who like her vision. â€Å"I am trying to find investors to be able to do the London Fashion Week. I would really  like to do that,† she says with a beaming smile. â€Å"I’ve always liked the idea of becoming a band stylist, where each song has a new theme so you design a mini collection for the band. With bands you can always go over the edge and use your imagination.† Which bands would she ideally like to work with? â€Å"Ms Dynamite, I think she’s funky or So Solid Crew.† In the meantime, she’s building up her personal client list by making one-off pieces. â€Å"If a friend says to me I want a top I know exactly what to do†¦ a friend said they wanted a velour tracksuit I say we don’t do velour we do suede with crystals. I have people say they want a fake Versace and a fake whatever and I can do that – you know you have to make ends meet.† She’s approached a few shops but local retailers feel she would be better in the West End. â€Å"I went to a few shops in Portobello and they said my designs were too futuristic. I am hoping that Pineal Eye, Tokian To Zai somewhere like that will take some pieces.† Conclusion Being a fashion designer had many advantages, but it has many disadvantages as well. Below is a chart of most of each. Being a fashion designer is not a job that I would like to pursue professionally. I love to create clothes for myself, but only for my pleasure, almost like a hobby. If I were interested in pursuing the career, there are a few things that I could do. These include taking clothing courses and designing courses. As a junior it is also important to look for good colleges that specialize in fashion design. Through college there are some co-op programs that make the transition to the work place easier. Bibliography Buckley, Marian; Basement Couture [interview on-line] (London, England: WideMedia Ltd., 1995, accessed May 20, 2003); available from http://www.widemedia.com/fashionuk/fashion/marotta/index.html ; Internet. Battock, Tina ; In Style [magazine online] (Boulder, Colorado: About Inc., 2003 accessed May 20, 2003); available from http://sewing.about.com ; Internet. Ungless, Simon. â€Å"Careers in the Fashion Industry.† The Career Center [magazine article] May 31,2002.

History of Velqinian Space Program Essay

History of Velqinian Space Program Essay History of Velqinian Space Program Essay History of Velqinian Space Program VSP The Velqinian space program started in 1995 during which our president William Lyte proclaimed that we must be the first and foremost country to discover and venture out into the unknown. Today because of his legacy the VSP is one of the most advanced space programs on Vegas. So far three Velqinian space ships have been launched from Ground Zero. All have been successful and have long outlived their expected age. Now let us go into detail about these three daring space missions. The first mission that was launched by the VSP was the Discovery Space Cruiser which led three men Andrew Jones, Jonathan Brown, And Tyler Smith to the moon. This ship still even today orbits the moon. These three men were the first Velqunians on the moon and put up our flag and claimed part of it for us. One other purpose of the Discovery was to study the sun and our closest neighbor __________. The discovery gave us revolutiona ry pictures of the sun in many different styles. It also helped us gain an extraordinary of knowledge about our neighbor _____________. Now let us go into detail about the design of Discovery. The first blueprint was made by Brady Frey who is now a senior scientist at VSP. It was designed like a cylinder with a tip, and a small rectangular prism on the side which once in space expands into a communications and radar array. It was also equipped with a very large docking and refueling hangar we hoped to use to help future missions with. Its last modification was a very large refracting telescope to study our solar system and the stars. It uses Anti-Matter propulsion technology for fuel. The second mission was the Survivor Space Cruiser. Unlike the discovery Survivor was not manned. It was sent out to the Outer Asteroid Belt and into the Thrite Cloud. On its way there it made some basic observances of _______, _________, and _____________. It has now just gone past the outer asteroid f ield and entered the Thrite Cloud which is full of comets and other small planetismals. It has gathered us a hoard of knowledge about the outer asteroid field and we expect the same with the Thrite Cloud. The survivor is a lot like the discovery I design it has a communications and radar array, and it has a large telescope and lots of cameras attached to it. It also uses Anti-Matter propulsion technology, but lacks a hangar. One unique thing about the Survivor is that it has an Anti-Matter force field around it to protect it from planetismals. Our third

12 Useful Apps for Administrative Assistants

12 Useful Apps for Administrative Assistants If you’re not a personal assistant- or even if you are- you could probably use one for yourself. It’s hard enough to function at your job and in your life without also struggling to keep your resolutions to be super organized this year. But what if you could have help?Did you know you can get a virtual assistant of your very own? Straight to your phone. They’re called SVPAs. You’ll still have to run your own errands, but you can get a little help with the other stuff- and you can yell at this assistant all you want.Here are some of the best.1. Google NowCalled â€Å"the intelligent personal assistant,† Google Now   is available for iOS, Android, and your desktop. It stays with you around the clock and organizes everything into customizable cards- weather, traffic, sports scores, favorite websites, etc. You’ll never see your life the same way again once you see it in all these neat packages.2. 24MeThis one functions kind of like a second bra in. Set yourself reminders for paying bills or other important deadlines and meetings. Sync all your to-do lists, notes, and calendar into one convenient app. It’s free, and currently one of the top 10 productivity apps on the App store.3. QuipThe best endorsement for this one might be that Mark Zuckerberg himself uses it. It’s just like the virtual office Facebook, Quora, and Instagram use, and allows users to collaborate, create, upload, and share documents- even edit them- as a team.4. WunderlistIf you’re a list person, this app is right up your alley. Make all the lists you want, then lump them all together in one sleek package and enjoy. You can even share your lists with family members or pals when you need to plan vacation packing lists or bucket lists.5. SpeaktoitIf you’d rather speak to your SVPA, like you do to Siri, then this app is for you. Speaktoit is like Siri, only its the the CEO version. You can make calls, search the internet for puppy photos, or find the closest dry cleaners. Just give it commands, and the app will remember your preferences for you. It can even answer questions about how best to sort your day.6. HootsuiteThis one is free, too, with paid subscription options available. It’s a desktop/phone tool that helps you update all of your social media platforms from one place. One app, multiple posts. You can even tailor which posts go to which media as you prefer.7. EvernoteAlso free! This app ends up on most people’s favorites lists. Capture, manage, store, and remember everything you need to. Evernote is also good search and sync capabilities.8. Call PleaseHBO producer Gregg Feinberg created this free app to be able to streamline the call log process, making one list for all team members. Never let any calls slip between the cracks again. And your manager will always know exactly what’s going on- and what calls they most urgently need to make.9. IFTTTâ€Å"If This Then That† le ts you make customized recipes based on what you have- and better yet, keeps them simple. Never be stuck without an idea of what to make for dinner again with this free app.10. TinyScanScan any document at any time anywhere and send it to your own email as a PDF. Youll never have to go to Staples again for your document management.11. DropboxOften undersung, this cloud storage program syncs between your computer and your phone. Your documents are securely backed up and accessible no matter where you are. Never be at a loss again in an off-site meeting when asked the location of a specific document.12. LogMeInThis app lets you have full access to your work computer- remotely. Open documents, launch applications basically, do anything you need to do.

What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life Essay

What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life in British North America - Essay Example The natives were also very much concerned with their beliefs, authority of their tribal chiefs, the traditional responsibilities for an individual’s clan and their close relationship with the nature (Demos, 4). The English were trying to bring these natives from â€Å"darkness of heathenism† to Protestant Christianity, which could fill the savagery lives of these natives with bright light of English â€Å"civility†. However the transformation in the form of an awakening did not happen overnight. The English started to build villages, started plantation, trees were cut down and sawed to build houses, barns, furnishings, etc. They also built special places called â€Å"praying towns† for the inhabitants who converted to Protestants. But the British faced many natural hindrances like winter cold, crop blights, droughts and storms. Then there were epidemic diseases like small pox, measles, respiratory illnesses and typhus, which were brought by the European colonizers themselves also acted as crippling influence to their plans for creating a new civilization. It also created demographic losses and complications brewed up with ethnic, linguistic and religious differences. (Demos, 3) After much struggle when they finally built the colony, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, different cities of colonial America played a pivotal role as many of them were seaports and it enabled the Enlightenment movement of Europe to reach American soil.... The theory of Rational Christianity also emerged during this period. This Enlightenment process reached the American colonists a century later and during the late 1700 and early 1800 century the American colonists saw a key change. The British colonies were liberal in their outlook in dealing with different intellectual and religious challenges. During this period America saw many spiritual and religious revitalizations. It also challenged the divine right and role of religion. It enabled the American colonists to challenge the King as well as the divine right. This helped to raise common views between the North and South and this belief was preached across the races through North and South of the colonial America. It also stated that slavery is similar to sin. The people began to develop belief in themselves and the importance of the church and the clergymen diminished. Changes were observed with respect to the reducing significance of the sects. (The Great Awakening And Enlightenme nt In Colonial America). The period saw a growth in literacy and witnessed an increase in number of colleges. The impact of the Great Awakening in colonial America led to creation of many new colleges in order to educate â€Å"new light† ministers like – Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, etc. This enabled to create a rift between believes of the thinkers and it resulted in formation of two cults namely, â€Å"old lights† who believed in rational process and â€Å"new lights† who focused on the experience gathered from life. These religious challenges also strengthened political challenges to the authorities (CHAPTER FIVE: THE CULTURES OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA, 1700—1780). Many soldiers those who took part in the revolutionary war were â€Å"new light†

The Success of Dell's Business Innovation Model Essay

The Success of Dell's Business Innovation Model - Essay Example The company had later adopted its name from its owner. What began as a humble beginning was not confined to its small size. Over years Dell had transformed its business from a small company to one of the largest multinational companies in the whole world. It took Dell less than 30 years to transform itself under the competent leadership of Mr. Dell. The first step towards this beginning commenced when it was first decided that the company would go public. Initially 34.2 million dollars were raised from the initial public offering made by the company. The success of the company can be analyzed in retrospect. Product innovation has been one of the chief reasons by which the company has been an important reason for the success of the company. This could be understood better if one analyzes the range products that are being offered by the company. The business expanded from its initial offering of computer hardware to include a wide variety of products ranging from personal computers and storage devices to camera and printers. Dell now involves a considerable portion of IT services. Selling products produced by third party has been one of the common practices adopted by companies and Dell is no exception. The primary aim of an organization is to create value for its customers and deliver it to them at most affordable price. Business innovation is just the process by which an organization achieves this goal in the most successful manner. The idea behind any innovation is to create a unique business which enhances its value immensely and make it popular among the customers. It is believed that revamping of the business by incorporating innovative practices in it raises the value proposition of the business and propels it ahead of its competitors (Rajala, Westerlund and MÃ ¶ller, 2012). Research work of Osterwalder had identified nine different dimensions of business innovation; namely core capabilities, partner network, value configuration,

Comparing Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr Essay

Comparing Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr - Essay Example This saying can easily be proven when we want to discuss two people who represented the same ideology in history such as Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who both represented the liberation and freedom of the Black race in America. Indeed, as much as there were some aspects of similarities in the way they went about advocacy programs, there also exists so much lines of differences for what they lived for (Haberman, 1972). In this paper, Malcolm X is compared with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to understand the various perspectives from which each of them approached the fight for the protection of human rights, which they both loved to do greatly. The perspectives from which the comparison shall be taken from are in the areas of political goals, economic issues, and strategic approaches. Political Goals Politically, it has been noted that both King and Malcolm were pressing to achieve the same goal, which was the goal of all inclusiveness in the running and administration of p ublic political office. It is not surprising therefore that at a time that not much of open air and public politicking was associated with acts of religiosity both men came out of their shelves to strongly campaign for political equableness (Malcolm, 1964). In line with the above, it can also be established that politically, both Malcolm and King had a goal of proving to the world that service to God could not be complete and appreciated if social and economic equality was not achieved for all people regardless of their racial background. This is because in their private practice as ministers of the Gospel, both men understood the oneness in God’s creation and view of humankind, where there was not supposed to be discrimination of people based on whether they were Jews or Gentiles (King, 1967). With this biblical understanding of the view of God about all men, the leaders wanted there to be a political reflection of such whereby people will not be judged based on the color of their skin but the content of their character as King declared. Economic Issues Economically, both Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had a common goal of liberating the oppressed and abused American from poverty. This is because through words and deeds, Malcolm and King showed that they lived for an era and moment in time when the poverty that the various forms of discrimination had brought on people could be minimized (Haberman, 1972). However in terms of approach to economic issues, the two men have been identified to have had two contrasting perspectives and opinions as to how the approach should be. For instance it has been said that Malcolm had a realization that even though economic liberation and the eradication of poverty among the discriminated, such the African-American people was necessary, it was also very necessary that the African-American people built self-consciousness and pride for themselves (Malcolm, 1963). What this means is that Malcolm saw the answer t o economic liberation in the African-American people themselves, through their attitude towards self-consciousness, rather than through

Impact of Working Time Directive on Employment Relations

Impact of Working Time Directive on Employment Relations Working Title: Enough Hours in the Day? The Impact of the working time directive on the regulation of employment relationships within the UK and France. Research Question: What is the working time directive? How does it purport to effect employment relationships? Will it be implemented in the United Kingdom? How does France deal with it? What are the reasons the UK have such a conservative approach? Literature Review: The review is centred on the Working Time Directive and thus will build on a direct reading of this from primary sources such as the copy on europa.eu.int, this will be complemented by secondary sources such as those of Cooke Hey (1998), Ramsey (1994) and the House of Lord’s Select Committee on the European Union’s response to the Working Time Directive. In attempting to build up a more sophisticated and rounded understanding of the ideas and theories that inform working time in general and the working time directive in particular I will use sources such as Figart Golden (2000), Fagan (2001) and direct readings of the reports of the European Commission on Working Time including the outcome of the current review of the Working Time Directive Opt-Out. A detailed critique with wider European policy will be effected in particular using commentaries on EC Law and it’s emphasis on trade and industry concerns. In reviewing the current situation within the UK I will use reviews of the Working Time Regulations 1998 in particular drawing on Christie (1998), the Income Data Service’s Guide to Working Time (2002) and Rankin et al. (1999)’s excellent guide to the operation of the Regulations within the UK and the changes that they brought to the existing law. I will then review the current position within France, there are numerous sites through which to do research, I can certainly use Figart Golden (2000)’s section on French Working Time and although slightly dated Carley (1991)’s review will help get an understanding of French policy and how it has changed towards working time. There are also numerous academic articles on the web such as those on the Transport News Network website (www.tnn.co.uk), French Law Sites such as www.triplet.com and articles by Sarfati (1999). Further research will be required on this issue in particular looking at pressure groups and governmental responses. In doing this I’ll try and use French language sites such as www.35hh.travail.gouv.fr , www.medef.fr and trade union sites. Obviously these will be supplementary and will require translation. In reviewing the policy objections of the UK to the abolition of the opt-out we will draw on primary sources such as the DTI ‘s recent consultation paper on Working Time (http://www.dti.gov.uk / er / work_time_regs /) as well as the work of pressure groups such as the TUC, Transport General Workers Union, Employer’s Organisation for Local Government and other major employers that would be effected by a change such as Alfred McAlpine. These will give me statistics and sophisticated points of view which I can then critically assess in light of more academic work on working time such as Articles by Christie (1998), Grisenthwaite (1997) and Wynn (2000). We will contrast these to the positive experience of the French in its implementation of a fixed working time week. A detailed critique of the two positions will be required with more academic sources from the journals and books will be required. Further research is required to uncover academic work on the policy arguments in France, whilst Sarfati (1999)’s arguments do shed some light on the issue there is most definitely a need for more detailed research. I believe that research into journals such as the International Company Commercial Law Review and the European Law Review will reveal more information about the arguments. This will be on top of the substantive law information I extract from the sources mentioned above. In concluding I will attempt to draw together the policy stances and implementation methods of the two countries to develop a more holistic understanding of whether there is significant social differences to justify the diversion or whether there can be a unified theory of working time that can be agreed not just in the European context but in the worldwide sense. There will need to be more research done on this issue along the avenues of looking at pressure groups in America (such as the Canadian / American ‘Take Back Your Time’ initiative) and other countries building on the work in Figart Golden (2000) Methodology: There will be some reviewing of primary sources but the work will be academic and theoretical and therefore will largely draw on scholastic secondary sources as I have detailed above. Bibliography: Carley, Mark Working time in Europe : the duration and flexibility of working time in 17 European countries from European Industrial Relations Review Eclipse Group / 1991 Cooke, Peter Hey, Liz – Implementation of the Working Time Directive 1998 ICCLR 164 Christie, David A Brief History of Working Time 1999 SLT 315 Fagan, Collette Gender, employment and working time preferences in Europe Office for Official Publications of the European Communities / 2001 Figart, Deborah Golden, Lonnie Working Time: International Trends, Theory Policy Perspective Routledge / 2000 Grisenthwaite, Michael – Time Runs out on the UK Government for implementing the ’48-hour working time directive† ’ 1997 ICCLR 107 House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union The Working Time Directive : a response to the European Commissions review The Stationery Office 2004 / 9th Session 2003/2004 Income Data Service Working Time 2002 / London: Income Data Service Ramsey, L – The Working Time Directive 1994 EurLR 528 Rankin, Claire, Phillips, Annelise Warren, Martin Working Time Regulations 1998 : a practical guide London Stationery Office / 1999 Sarfati, Hedva – The 35-hour week legislation hotly debated in France www.newwork.com Wynn, Michael Derogations In The Working Time Regulations 2000 CL 166 http://www.dti.gov.uk / er / work_time_regs /) www.tnn.co.uk www.triplet.com www.35hh.travail.gouv.fr www.medef.fr europa.eu.int Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9th June 2005 Date Rec’d.Supervisor:

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, describes a period of time in a young boys life. This boy is repeatedly gets kicked out of schools and he does again in the beginning of the book. He leaves a few days before Christmas vacation starts, before his parents get notice that he has gotten kicked out of his school. He doesent want to go home early, so he just goes back to Manhattan and tries to survive on his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden Caulfield is a 16 year old boy. One character trait he has is insecurity. He seems insecure due to the fact that he repeats himself often. It seems as though he feels people aren’t listening to him. He is also very lonely. He states that when one of his friends, Luce, he meets to have a few drinks with, says he has to leave. Holden is also unstable. Throughout the book, his mental, physical and emotional state decreases. He gets beat up, goes through a breakdown, and gets very sick. Another trait Holden has is his insistence to care for the vonerable. Examples of this is the way he cares for and worries about Pheobe, his old friend Jane Gallager, all young children, and the ducks in the pond at Central Park.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One theme of this book could be you can’t have control over everything. Holden wants everything to stay the same always. One example of that is when he talks about The Museum of Natural History. He also wants to be able to protect everyone, especially anything or anyone vonerable. This is shown when he says to his sister Pheobe that he wants to be the catcher in the rye when she asks him what he wants to do in his life. Holden realizes that he can’t have control over everything when his younger sister tells him to shut up. He realizes that things have changed and she has gotten older and changed herself, and he can’t make anything go back to the way it used to be.

Vegetation Dynamics In Gravel Bed Rivers Environmental Sciences Essay

Background Gravel-bed rivers support a complex mosaic of both tellurian and aquatic home grounds of singular value for the whole river ecosystem. However, many fluvial system of the universe have been crucially affected by assorted human intercessions such as landuse alterations, torrent-control work and dike edifice, and crushed rock excavation ( Surian & A ; Rinaldi, 2003 ) . These recent alterations led to the break of the really complex channel morphology typical of braided systems, which in bend strongly affects their ecological position and their ability to incorporate inundation flows. Different human intercessions ( deposit excavation, channelisation, dikes, re-afforestation and downpour control works ) have been identified as the causes of channel accommodations in Italian rivers ( Surian and Rinaldi, 2003 ; Surian et al. , 2009 ) . For an overview on the causal factors such river development, see besides Liebault and Piegay ( 2002 ) . Human impacts on river systems normally cause rapid and widespread channel incision/narrowing or aggradation/widening as a effect of fluctuations in flows, deposit government, and boundary conditions ( Surian et al. , 2009 ) . Overall, few surveies ( e.g. Surian et al. , 2009 ) confirmed a complex recent stage of accommodation that took topographic point over the last 15-20 old ages. Channel broadening has become the dominant procedure in most of the survey reaches but channel narrowing is still ongoing in some ranges. Channel broadening has taken placed without important bed-level fluctuations in some ranges of the Brenta river, in Italy ( Surian & A ; Cisotto, 2007 ) . Besides, it is still an unfastened inquiry if all the rivers underwent this recent stage of accommodation or, as proposed for rivers in France ( Piegay et al. , 2004 ) , recent channel alterations may be considered short-run fluctuations related to specific inundation events, instead than existent long-run accommodat ions. Overall, an effectual river Restoration is now recognized to be desperately needed for most of the affected Alpine rivers, and the actions must be based on reconstructing fluvial procedures and their natural kineticss. Such an attack ( which is besides enforced by the EU Water Framework Directive ) must be therefore based on a scientifically sound cognition of sediment conveyance and morphodynamics procedures undergoing on human-impacted crushed rock bed rivers ( Dufour & A ; Piegay, 2009 ) . The overall purpose of the proposed undertaking is to research the recent morphodynamic tendencies of two Italian gravel-bed rivers characterized by different grades of human impacts, placing and measuring the synergistic effects of flora kineticss and morphological alterations evaluated utilizing fresh geoinformatics techniques.AimsThe chief aims of the proposed survey is to measure the recent ( & lt ; 20 old ages ) evolutionary tendency of the Brenta and Piave river in northeasterly portion of Italy in order to: To develop an apprehension of the morphodynamics of the both rivers with regard to selected parametric quantities such as channel width, lift, lacing index, island tenancy, and active channel country ; To measure the yesteryear and present morphological alterations of the two rivers based on natural and human induced alteration ; To measure the interlinked relationship between the active channel and flora kineticss ; To develop direction options for Restoration and preservation for the both rivers towards resilient river home ground every bit good as next bio-diversity ( riparian flora ) .Material and methodsThe research will be carried out in the intermediate crushed rock bed sections of the Piave and Brenta rivers ( North Eastern Italy, Fig. 1 ) . The two basins are comparable in footings of size, clime, geological scenes, and flora ; likewise, the two rivers in the survey reaches present a historically similar braided/wandering channel form with interspersed vegetated islands. However, the two rivers differ sing the degree of human impacts. To carry through the chief aims of the undertaking, three sets of variables of the both rivers will be studied like ( 1 ) chief drive variables ( 2 ) boundary conditions and ( 3 ) adjusting variables or channel signifier. The methodological analysiss range from distant feeling to field measurings, harmonizing to the spacial and temporal graduated tables under probe. Three spacial graduated tables will be considered, runing from big ( i.e. , 25-30 kilometer ) , intermediate ( i.e, 1-2 kilometer ) and little ( i.e. , 10-100 m ) . Related to these, two temporal graduated tables will be addressed, embracing medium-term channel development ( & lt ; 20 years, related to channel-forming discharges ) and shorter-term alterations ( related to individual events ) . The techniques deployed comprise reading of oblique and perpendicular ( aerial ) exposure, analysis LiDAR information by GIS package, flora field studies, structural studies of river channels, topographic surveying by DGPS, photogra phic and sieve analysis of deposit grain size, and statistical analysis of hydrological and land usage clip series. Figure 1: Location of the survey sites. In order to transport out the proposed research, the undermentioned undertakings will be considered every bit good as carried out: To place morphological characteristics: Geomorphic procedure of the both rivers will be identified every bit good as quantified utilizing temporal high declaration orbiter image, aerial exposure and LiDAR imagination. Present and possible position of eroding and accumulation point in assorted locations of the both river will be analyzed every bit good. To place riverine flora: Vegetation is an of import constituent in the proposed survey. From the proposed datasets, flora coverage along the rivers will be identified utilizing appropriate flora algorithms. Damaged flora will place and quantify from a set of temporal satellite datasets. Topographical analysis: Digital lift theoretical account ( DEM ) , Digital terrain theoretical account ( DTM ) from LiDAR and tellurian informations will be used to mensurate incline and analyses the plumbing of the rivers in this undertaking. Furthermore, cross-section and longitudinal profile of the rivers will be analyzed by direct field with DGPS and hand-held instruments. Field study: Significant field study will be carried out throughout the project- Sedimentlogical study in both surface and sub-surface majority samples Geomorphological study for image informations proof along with observation of channel alterationsExpected results and strategic impacts of the undertakingThe chief expected end products of the research will be as follows: To analyse recent tendencies of channel narrowing and scratch, every bit good as channel constellation, of both rivers, associating different morphodynamic tendencies to different human impacts ; To associate alterations of flora countries along the both rivers to different morphodynamic development tendencies ; To measure tendencies of sediment conveyance and morphological development on both rivers ; To developed action programs for long-run Restoration and direction in the both rivers. Gravel-bed river systems are under force per unit area worldwide. Considerable dismay has been expressed about the environmental direct and indirect impacts of human activities, and great attempts are presently employed to develop a new array of sustainable direction schemes for gravel-bed ecosystems. Since anthropogenetic influences have impacted the morphodynamics of river systems, one of the major boundary conditions found in fluvial systems has been changed significantly, viz. the deposit budget ( Habersack & A ; Schober, 2005 ) . Retention of deposits in the upper portion of the basin ( dikes and reservoirs ) and gravel extraction from the average portion of the rivers have increased the disagreement between sediment supply and conveyance capacity, with terrible jobs of bed debasement and ecological impacts. In order to accomplish a good river ecological position by the 2015, harmonizing to the European Water Framework Directive ( WFD ) , the deposit budget has to be restored in the long term. This creates a strong demand to better the apprehension and direction of deposits kineticss. Besides, the high spatio-temporal variableness of deposit and flora kineticss in gravel-bed rivers is non sufficiently considered in inundation hazard appraisal, besides because there are still considerable scientific uncertainnesss due to the deficiency of long-run incorporate field measurings of such fluvial procedures. For this ground, the proposed undertaking is focused on a subject where the demand for farther research is really relevant for the direction of gravel-bed rivers environments and the efficient and well-directed usage of the limited H2O resource.Essential mentionsDufour, S. , Piegay, H. , 2009. From the myth of a lost Eden to targeted river Restoration: bury natural mentions and concentrate on human benefits. River Research and Applications 25 ( 5 ) , 568-581. Liebault, F. , Piegay, H. , 2002. Causes of twentieth century channel contracting in mountain and Piedmont Rivers of Southeastern France. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 425-444. Piegay, H. , Walling, D.E. , Landon, N. , He, Q. , Liebault, F. , Petiot, R. , 2004. Contemporary alterations in sediment output in an alpine mountain basin due to afforestation ( the upper Drome in France ) . Catena 55, 183-212. Surian N, Rinaldi M. 2003. Morphologic response to river technology and direction in alluvial channels in Italy. Geomorphology, 50, 307-326. Surian, N. , Cisotto A. , 2007. Channel accommodations, bedload conveyance and deposit beginnings in a gravel-bed river, Brenta River, Italy. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, 1641:1656. Surian, N. , Ziliani, L. , Comiti, F. , Lenzi, M.A. , Mao, L. 2009b. Channel accommodations and change of deposit fluxes in gravel-bed rivers of Northeastern Italy: potencies and restrictions for channel recovery. River Research and Applications 25, 551- 567.

Lithuanian Footwear Manufacturing Industry Analysis According to Porter‘S Five Forces

Lithuanian Footwear Manufacturing Industry Analysis According to Porter‘s Five Forces Introduction For all times footwear has been a basic necessity and just recently it has become a matter of fashion and prestige, thus making huge changes in footwear industry: it expanded and became well differentiated. Therefore, in order to perform and compete effectively, companies have to analyze their external environment. This paper will concentrate on Porter’s five forces that shape competition in Lithuanian footwear com/chapter-practice/">manufacturing industry. Rivalry A decade ago there were much more footwear manufacturers in Lithuania.However, right after Lithuania joined the European Union, footwear imports from China to the European Union increased eight times. It caused huge profit losses for Lithuania’s footwear manufacturers and many of them withdrew from the market. Today there are two main footwear manufacturers UAB â€Å"Sabalin† and UAB â€Å"Lituanic a†, a few smaller manufacturers such as UAB â€Å"Paliutis† and UAB â€Å"Evenida† and there are also some individual businesses which do not mass-produce but manufacture shoes just for individual orders. As we can see there are not many Lithuanian companies but their competition creates the rivalry a positive sum.The largest companies UAB â€Å"Sabalin† and UAB â€Å"Lituanica† produce leather shoes for the whole family and export most of their production to other European countries, especially to Great Britain, Latvia and Finland (http://www. lituanica. info/m93-1. html, http://www. visalietuva. lt/imones/info/sabalin-uab). Smaller manufacturers concentrate on specific footwear production such as boots and working shoes or take orders from Lithuania’s companies and produce big quantities of specific safety shoes or shoes which are part of employees’ uniform.Footwear manufacturing usually is not their only scope so when they have hard times in shoes manufacturing, they concentrate on other fields. For example UAB â€Å"Paliutis† produces not only boots but also other rubber and plastic production (http://avalyne. paliutis. lt/index. php), UAB â€Å"Arnesima† produces safety working shoes and, in addition, they offer safety gloves, waterproof clothes and etc (http://www. arnesima. lt/). Individual businesses do not have a great demand because Lithuanians prefer custom boots just for ery important occasions, for example, weddings or when the foot is not standard and they cannot find suitable shoes in shoe stores. However, the main competitors for footwear manufacturers in Lithuania are Chinese footwear producers. According to UAB â€Å"Lituanica† director D. Keltuva, just the leather they use for a pair of shoes costs the same as the finished Chinese pair of shoes. To become more competitive, Lithuanian manufacturers cut their prices; however, it was impossible to become equivalent competitors because Chinese labor force was far and away cheaper.Besides, young to middle-age Lithuanians are concerned about fashion and prestige so Lithuanian manufacturers are unable to compete with designers’ shoes or well known brands. UAB â€Å"Sabalin† director Regina Arcisauskaite claims that her manufactory orients to segments from middle to high prices and to middle class people; however, this company does not aim for luxurious or fashionable products’ segment. New entrants Recently not a single bigger footwear manufacturing business has been started. The main reason is the economic recession, which has caused the decrease in footwear sales.Another reason is still huge competition from China. However, today shoe shops â€Å"Lietuviska avalyne† and â€Å"Dolita† report that sales in Lithuania are constantly increasing and people, especially elder ones, prefer more expensive, but quality Lithuanian shoes from natural leather and fur. Besides, Lithuani ans have turned back to small boutique shops and prefer shopping in places which offer unique products and comfortable surroundings. This probably will cause an increase in number of small shops, run by small businesses owners or new entrants who will be willing to fill this niche.Lithuania’s government policy is favorable to new entrants and offers a lot of ways to start a new company. The main requirements for new business entrants are quite high government taxes and the initial capital in some cases. However, new entrants face one huge barrier to entry. Most Lithuanians do not trust Lithuanian production; they do not think about the quality and price and choose fashionable foreign footwear. Moreover, incumbents have already survived through Chinese invasion and recession so they have a lot of experience.As soon as the newcomers face the first difficulties they might get lost and go bankrupt just like many other Lithuanian footwear manufacturers did five years ago. This mig ht discourage them from entering this market. One more important barrier is that in order to open a new footwear manufactory a huge amount of initial capital is needed. New entrants need new premises, inventories and qualified employees. This may also deter a lot of newcomers from entering this market. Substitutes Shoe market in Lithuania is tremendous.You can see shoe shops everywhere and shoes in various styles, colors, designs and prices are brought there from a lot of different countries. There are a lot of other shoe stores which offer quality footwear. These shops gain advantage because customers are exposed to a great choice, meanwhile people can merely see Lithuanian shoe shops in shopping centers or in the streets. Moreover, Lithuania’s youth tends to wear mainly sports shoes and frequently replace them with new ones. They wear them both in summer and in winter, so they are not looking for quality and long lasting shoes which are rather expensive.In this age of new t echnologies another substitute is available for everyone – online shops or eBay. Lithuanians find it cheaper to order something from overseas than to buy it in local shops. This phenomenon is also applicable to footwear. Most of the online shops have return policies so people are not afraid to buy and, if it is necessary, to change the item. Finally, parents tend to buy footwear for their children in second-hand shops. They see no need to spend huge amounts on shoes when their child’s feet are constantly growing. The same trend is seen among elder people.Pensions in Lithuania are relatively low so the pensioners cannot afford new quality shoes. Therefore, they go to second-hand shops where they can find almost new and really quality foreign footwear; they even can find branded shoes in very good condition. Since the price is still a very important factor in choosing shoes, nowadays most Lithuanians try to find substitutes which could offer suitable quality and price ra tio. Power of suppliers Today Lithuanian footwear manufacturers buy raw materials mainly from Lithuanian companies, for example, leather processing companies AB â€Å"Siauliu Stumbras† and UAB â€Å"Naturali oda. There is a great variety of available leather and other raw material suppliers in Europe so footwear manufacturers are not dramatically dependent on their suppliers and can easily switch their suppliers since switching costs are low. However, leather processing companies depend on economic situation and cattle ranches. The manager of leather processing company â€Å"TDL Oda† Vidmantas Simkus explains that when economic crisis occurred, the demand for meat decreased thus the number of grown cattle also decreased.It resulted in lack of raw leather material last year and was the reason for double increase in price. Respectively, Lithuanian footwear manufacturers had to buy more expensive raw materials, their product prices increased and they became less competit ive in shoes market. Besides, footwear manufacturers are not the only ones who use leather for their production. Coats, gloves, hats, handbags and some bijouterie are made from leather so leather processing companies have some power to choose whom to sell their production to and in this way to raise the prices. Power of buyersFootwear is necessary for every person so they cannot avoid buying shoes. However, they can choose where and what kind of shoes to buy. Generally, in footwear industry buyers do not have a lot of power, but in Lithuania their power is significant. Since there is great variety of imported shoes and just a few Lithuanian footwear shops, the buyers’ choices determine which shoe shops (and thus which manufacturers) will survive. There are very few shops in Lithuania which sell both foreign and Lithuanian footwear; Lithuanian footwear is sold mostly in special stores.Since Lithuanians do not trust Lithuanian production, their preference might cause bankruptcy for some shops. It would mean that Lithuanian footwear would be sold just outside the country. Individual businesses owners are greatly dependent on the buyers because they are their main customers and if they are not willing to pay for original custom shoes, these businesses are sure to face a lot of difficulties. On the other hand, Lithuanian footwear in export countries has a lot of loyal customers who recognize products’ quality and reasonable price.UAB â€Å"Lituanica† director Kestuts Deltuva says that their sales abroad are constantly increasing and they have a lot of new orders and now they are having a very busy season. Conclusion All things considered, Lithuanian footwear manufacturing industry is full of opportunities. Rivalry among Lithuanian footwear producers is rather weak. Since they do not intensively compete in Lithuania’s shoes market, it creates some opportunities for new entrants. This industry is open for new entrants who should consider d ifferent strategic plans and try to meet the demand for both quality and fashionable footwear in Lithuania.The main problem that Lithuanian footwear manufacturers face is a great variety of substitutes: shoes of different brands, styles and origin are easily accessible, and also different places and ways of acquisition are available. Suppliers do not have significant power; however, buyers are the main force which determines which companies will survive in Lithuanian footwear manufacturing industry. References June 27, 2005. Avalynes gamintojai siekia ES apsaugos. Retrieved from http://www. zebra. lt/lt/naujienos/verslas/avalynes-gamintojai-siekia-es-apsaugos-72238. html June 2010.Footwear Industry Profile: Europe. Industry overview. Retrieved from Business Source Complete Inciuriene, Sigita. November, 2010. Vidmantas Simkus: Man geriausia Siauliuose. Retrieved from http://lics-siauliai. lt/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Mes-Siaulieciai-Nr61. pdf August 29, 2005. Kinu batsiuviai verzia kilpa Lietuvos avalynes gamintojams. Retrieved from http://www. verslobanga. lt/lt/spaudai. full/4312ada8d1f1a October 18, 2010. Lietuvos batsiuviai be batu nelieka. Retrieved from http://www. verslozinios. lt/index. php? act=mprasa&sub=article&id=26957